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PATOGENEZA GB
Početni korak u delovanju TSH na tirocite je njegovo vezivanje za TSH-R.
Vezivanje pokreće aktivaciju za membranu vezane adenil ciklaze,
stvaranje cAMP-a i aktivaciju protein kinaza i ostalih postreceptorskih
procesa, dovodeći do poznatih dejstava TSH, tj. akumulacije joda, sinteze
i oslobađanje jodotironina i sinteze DNA i rasta ćelija (5, 6). Studijom
funkcionalnih mesta na humanom TSH-R Johnstone i sar. nalaze da su ostaci
381-384 hTSH-R značajni u fiziološkoj i patološkoj stimulaciji TŽ. Ovo
otvara mogućnost specifičnijoj terapiji nekih pacijenata sa GB agensima
usmerenim na ovaj epitop (7).
TSH-R antitela imitiraju najveći broj dejstava TSH i prirodni su reagensi
za testiranje mehanizama dejstva TSH i definisanje strukturno -
funkcijskih odnosa TSH-R. Pretpostavlja se da vezivanje ovih poliklonalnih
autoantitela za epitope receptora dovodi do različitih efekata -
hipertiroidizma, strume, hipotiroidizma, inhibicije tiroidnog rasta,
oftalmopatije i drugih ekstratiroidnih manifestacija (8-10).
Incidenca TSH-R antitela u serumu pacijenata sa GB u momentu dijagnoze
prema raznim izveštajima je 70-100% (11).
Graves-ova bolest, česta organ specifična autoimuna bolest, razlikuje se
od svih ostalih autoimunih bolesti po tome što je prati hiperfunkcija
ciljnog organa a ne oštećenje. Među glikoproteinskim hormonskim
receptorima samo TSH-R podleže intramolekularnom cepanju disulfidnom
vezom spojenih subjedinica sa posledičnim odvajanjem nekih
ekstracelularnih, autoantitelo vezujućih alfa subjedinica. Funkcionalna
AT se ne javljaju na glikoproteinske hormonske receptore koji ne podležu
cepanju. Skoro je otkriveno da TSH receptorska antitela (TRAb)
prvenstveno prepoznaje ove ''odvojene'' alfa subjedinice, koje indukuju
ili pojačavaju imuni odgovor (12).
Epitopi za preko 95% stimulišućih TSH-R AT (TSAb) koja su odgovorna za GB
nađeni su na N-terminalnom delu ekstracelularnog domena TSH-R, ostaci
8-165. Ako je stimulišuća aktivnost ovih AT isključivo vezana za ovaj
region, ta AT nazivaju se homogenim, a ako je njihova stimulišuća
aktivnost samo u velikoj meri vezana za ovaj region, ta AT se nazivaju
heterogenim. Prisustvo heterogenih TSAb kod pacijenata je povezano sa
brzim odgovorom na medikamentno tireosupresivno lečenje (MTL) i može biti
prediktivna za dugoročnu remisiju. Epitopi za dva različita auto AT kod
GB koja inhibiraju vezivanje TSH, TBII su takođe nađena na ovom regionu
TSH-R. Ova AT ne povećavaju nivo cAMP-a, mada neka mogu aktivisati
signalne puteve preko inozitol fosfata, Ca++ i arahidonata. Epitopi
blokirajućih TSH-R AT (TSBAb) koja imaju sposobnost da inhibiraju
vezivanje TSH i aktivnost kako TSH tako i TSAb i koja su povremeno
udružena sa primarnim hipotiroidizmom kako idiopatskim miksedemom tako i
kod nekih pacijenata sa Hashimoto-vom bolesčću (HB) i uzrok su
tranzitornog neonatalnog hipotiroidizma (NH), utvrđeni su u velikom broju
na C-terminalnom delu ekstracelularnog domena TSH-R, ostaci 270-395.
Smatra se da su ona značajna u trudnoći, gde utiču na atenuaciju znakova i
simptoma GB. Osim toga, pojava TBAb tokom trudnoće kod pacijentkinja sa GB
mogla bi uzrokovati klinički ili supklinički hipotiroidizam sa efektima
na fetalni razvoj i postnatalni nivo inteligencije. Različita TSH-R AT
mogu postojati kod istog pacijenta u bilo kom trenutku, a klinička slika
bi bila posledica sume njihovih aktivnosti (13-15).
Široko je prihvaćeno da su epitopi i/ili funkcionalne karakteristike TSH-R
AT kod pacijenata sa GB heterogeni među pacijentima. Da bi utvrdili klinički
značaj ove heterogenosti, Kim i sar. merili su kod pacijenata sa GB nivoe
TSAb (bioesej), TSBAb (bioesej) i TRAb (p-TRAb) i na osnovu nivoa ovih AT
podelili pacijente u sedam grupa. Samo je visok nivo TSBAb bio značajno
udružen sa prisustvom oftalmopatije, što navodi autore na pretpostavku da
pacijenti sa oftalmopatijom imaju različite TSH-R AT repertoare od onih
bez oftalmopatije. Nisu našli druge značajne kliničke razlike među
pacijentima ovih sedam grupa (16, 17).
Isti autori su pokušali da odgonetnu da li razlike u epitopima TSAb
pacijenata sa nelečenom GB mogu uticati na prognozu bolesti kod pacijenata
lečenih sa antitiroidnim lekovima. Nezavisno od drugih parametara,
pacijenti sa heterogenim epitopima bili su bolji responderi na MTL nego
pacijenti sa homogenim epitopima. Mada na početku bolesti kod obe grupe
pacijenata nije bilo značajne razlike u većini kliničkih parametara, u
grupi uspešno lečenih u odnosu na non-respondere postojala je značajna
razlika u veličini strume, novoa TT3 i titra TRAb. Svaki od ova tri
parametra ponaosob nije mogao predvideti ishod MTL, međutim, kada je svaki
od ovih parametara razmatran zajedno sa heterogenočću epitopa,
predviđanje pozitivnog terapijskog odgovora povećano je na skoro 80% (18).
Kod pacijenata sa Graves-ovom bolešću postoji mnoštvo subpopulacija TSH-R
antitela, svako sa različitom biološkom aktivnošću (stimulacija TSH-R,
inhibicija vezivanja TSH, stimulacija tiroidnog rasta) i različitim
fizikohemijskim svojstvima. De Bruin i sar. su proučavali da li
varijabilnost u odgovoru različitih tiroidnih tkiva in vitro ili in vivo
na dodata TSH-R antitela nastaje zbog postojanja različitih kombinacija
subpopulacija ovih antitela ili zbog alotipskih (od osobe do osobe)
razlika tiroidnih TSH-R. Zaključuju da je modulacija TSH-receptora u
vezi sa prisustvom ili odsustvom imunoglobulina koji inhibiše vezivanje
TSH (TBII) i da alotipske razlike u TSH-R ne postoje (19).
Patogenetsku ulogu TSH-R antitela podržavaju sledeće opservacije: 1)
detekcija AT kao što su TBII i TSAb kod skoro svih nelečenih pacijenata sa
GB, 2) pojava GB kod novorođenčadi žena sa GB koje imaju TBII ili TSAb, 3)
visok rizik relapsa hipertiroidizma nakon ukidanja antitiroidne medikamentne
terapije kod pacijenata sa GB sa pozitivnim TbII ili TSAb, I 4) porast
nivoa TBII ili TSAb u relapsu GB nakon terapije tireosupresivima (20-26).
TSH-R antitela, posebno TSAb prisutna su u serumu pacijenata sa GB čak i
kada su oni eutiroidni, pre ispoljene bolesti, što ukazuje da kliničkom
ispoljavanju bolesti prethodi period supkliničke faze kod većine
pacijenata. Ovo potvrđuje i patogenetsku ulogu TSH-Receptorkih antitela
u GB. Detekcija poremećaja imunoregulacije unutar tiroidee u
supkliničkoj fazi bolesti osetljivim testovima uključujući TSAb eseje
mogla bi doprineti predviđanju početka hipertiroidizma, posebno kod pacijenata
koji imaju naslednu predispoziciju za GB (27). |
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